Wal-Mart Rolls Back Tax Cuts

2008 January 9
by Kelly

In law school, you learn in basic tax (”baby tax,” we called it) that you can’t avoid tax on a transaction by making it into a series of transactions. A North Carolina judge must have been paying attention that day.

Judge Clarence Horton Jr. has ruled against Wal-Mart in a $33.5 million tax dispute with NC revenue officials. Wal-Mart had paid the amount in question and had asked for a refund based on a series of transactions created to reduce its tax burden.

According to court records, Wal-Mart transferred ownership of its stores to a number of in-house real estate investment trusts (REITS). The retail giant then cut its tax obligation by taking deductions for rent payments to the REITS. Judge Horton stated that “there is no evidence that the rent transaction, taken as a whole, has any real economic substance,” other than for cutting Wal-Mart’s taxes. No word yet on an appeal.

This is not the first time that Wal-Mart’s tax schemes have raised eyebrows; the company has been attacked on a number of fronts for its attempts to lower its tax bill.

(Hat Tip: Miki)

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2008 January 10
Another Tax Geek

As much as everyone likes to hate Wal-Mart, I don’t think this is quite that simple. I don’t see this so much as a step transaction issue, as I do an economic substance issue. Even beyond that is the issue of whether a state can disregard the form of a transaction, and the ability of a taxpayer to organize their affairs in the most tax efficient means possible simply because it is tax efficient. No doubt the captive REIT structure was pushing the limits, and they definitely could have implemented it in a way that wouldn’t have so blatantly waived the red flag in front of the DOR (note - all opinions based on the series of WSJ articles on this case). But REIT taxation is fairly well established, as is separate state taxation. IMO (following conceptual, high level logic - I’m not an expert on NC, Wal-Mart studied the rules, then organized themselves accordingly. NC could have closed the door by changing to a unitary tax system, or by specifically disallowing deductions paid to captive REITs (as many other states have now done). I would even argue that Wal-Mart had a fiduciary duty to their shareholders to pursue such an opportunity.

How about economic nexus next?

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